| Have you ever taken a class where it felt like the professor opened up your brain like an empty Tupperware container and filled it with knowledge? That's what happened to me when I took a graduate-level class with one of my mentors in technical analysis, Dr. Hank Pruden. For those of you who are unfamiliar with the term "technical analysis," it refers to analyzing a market or an individual asset using charts. I was expecting to learn about trend lines, bullish and bearish patterns, cycle analysis, etc., in this class. But instead, we dove deep into the psychology of the markets, trying to understand what motivates investors and traders to act the way they do. Today, there are many institutions that teach behavioral finance, but at the time, it was groundbreaking stuff. One of the most important concepts is that investors' behaviors repeat time and time again. There are no guarantees, of course, and every situation will be a little different, but humans can be fairly predictable. We typically fear the worst just before things get better... and we expect things will always be this good just before they get worse. This course taught me a number of key ideas that I still use nearly three decades later. Here are a few of the most impactful ones. Confirmation Bias Confirmation bias occurs when you focus only on the information that confirms your beliefs. People do this with their political beliefs all the time, and the media plays into it by exclusively giving them information that aligns with their point of view. In the markets, an investor may believe that a stock is a great buy because they see the company's products everywhere... which may cause them to ignore the fact that the stock has been in a downtrend all year. Despite the market signaling that things are not great for the company, the investor buys the stock anyway. Overconfidence I'd bet almost everyone reading this believes they're a better-than-average driver. In college, I had an argument with a friend about what a horrible driver he was. "How many cars have you totaled?" I asked. (The number was three in the previous four years.) "Yeah, but they were all somebody else's fault!" he exclaimed. Enough said. When things are going well in the markets, investors often confuse a bull market with their own genius and think they'll know when to get out. Of course, it doesn't work out that way. | 
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